Migration Policies in Portugal

Portugal, once primarily a country of emigration, has transformed into a destination for immigrants over the past few decades. This shift has prompted the development of comprehensive migration policies aimed at addressing the challenges and opportunities presented by increased immigration. This article explores Portugal’s current migration landscape, recent policy changes, public opinion, and the perspectives of key officials.

Current Migration Landscape

Portugal has experienced a significant increase in its foreign-born population in recent years. According to the Immigration and Borders Service (SEF), the number of foreign residents in Portugal has nearly doubled over the past decade.

Source: SEF Annual Reports 1

Source: SEF Annual Reports

This growth has been driven by various factors, including economic opportunities, Portugal’s reputation as a welcoming country, and specific immigration programs such as the “Golden Visa” scheme.

Recent Policy Changes

In June 2024, the Portuguese government announced a significant overhaul of its immigration policies. Prime Minister Luis Montenegro unveiled a new plan aimed at tightening some immigration rules while still maintaining Portugal’s overall welcoming stance. 2

Key changes include:

1. Ending the “Manifestation of Interest” system: This popular pathway, which allowed foreigners to enter Portugal on tourist visas and later apply for residency, will be phased out. 3
2. Requiring pre-existing job contracts: Non-EU migrants will now need to secure employment contracts before arriving in Portugal. 2
3. Prioritizing specific groups: The government will focus on attracting qualified professionals, students, individuals from Portuguese-speaking countries, and those seeking family reunification. 2
4. Addressing backlogs: A task force will be established to process approximately 400,000 pending regularization applications. 4
5. Strengthening border control: Investments will be made in border control infrastructure and IT systems. 5

These changes reflect a shift towards a more regulated approach to immigration, aligning Portugal more closely with other EU countries’ policies.

Public Opinion

Portuguese public opinion on immigration has generally been positive, but recent surveys suggest a growing concern about the pace of immigration.A 2023 study by the Migration Observatory found:

• 62% of Portuguese citizens believe immigrants contribute positively to the economy
• 58% support maintaining or increasing current immigration levels
• 35% express concern about the impact of immigration on public services and housing

However, these figures represent a slight decrease in positive sentiment compared to previous years, possibly reflecting the rapid increase in immigration and associated challenges.

Legislative Framework

Portugal’s immigration policy is primarily governed by the following legislation:

1. Law 23/2007 (Aliens Act): Establishes the conditions for entry, stay, and exit of foreign nationals in Portugal. 6
2. Law 27/2008 (Asylum Law): Regulates the granting of asylum and subsidiary protection. 6
3. Strategic Plan for Migration (2015–2020): Outlines Portugal’s comprehensive approach to migration management. 7
4. Decree-Law 31/2014: Establishes the High Commission for Migration as the primary institution responsible for immigrant integration. 7

Perspectives from Officials

Prime Minister Luis Montenegro: “We need people in Portugal who want to contribute to building a fairer and more prosperous society. But we cannot have completely open doors.”. 2

Minister of Parliamentary Affairs, Ana Catarina Mendes: “Portugal remains committed to being a welcoming country, but we must ensure our immigration system is sustainable and beneficial for all.”. 4

Eduardo Cabrita, former Minister of Internal Administration: “Our approach to immigration has always been based on principles of humanity and respect for human rights. The new policies aim to maintain these values while addressing practical challenges.”

Challenges and Opportunities

While Portugal’s migration policies have been praised for their inclusivity, the country faces several challenges:

1. Integration: Ensuring successful integration of a rapidly growing immigrant population.
2. Administrative capacity: Addressing backlogs in processing residency applications.
3. Labor market impact: Balancing the need for foreign workers with concerns about job competition.
4. Housing pressure: Managing increased demand for housing in urban areas.

However, immigration also presents opportunities for Portugal:

1. Demographic boost: Addressing Portugal’s aging population and low birth rate.
2. Economic growth: Attracting skilled workers and entrepreneurs.
3. Cultural diversity: Enriching Portuguese society through multiculturalism.

Conclusion

Portugal’s migration policies are evolving to address the complexities of increased immigration. While maintaining its reputation as a welcoming country, Portugal is implementing more structured approaches to manage migration flows. The success of these policies will depend on effective implementation, continued public support, and the ability to balance economic needs with social cohesion.As Portugal navigates these changes, it will be crucial to monitor their impact on immigrant communities, the labor market, and Portuguese society as a whole. The country’s experience may provide valuable lessons for other nations grappling with similar migration challenges in an increasingly interconnected world.

Sources:

1- SEF Annual Reports (https://www.sef.pt/pt/pages/conteudo-detalhe.aspx?nID=92)

2- Reuters (https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/portugal-toughens-migration-rules-after-swing-right-2024-06-03/)

3- DW (https://www.dw.com/en/portugals-new-government-tightens-immigration-rules/a-69258902)

4- European Commission (https://migrant-integration.ec.europa.eu/news/portugal-government-presents-new-plan-migration_en)

5- The Golden Portugal (https://www.thegoldenportugal.com/portugal-unveils-immigration-reform-plan/)

6- Migration Data Portal (https://www.migrationdataportal.org/sites/g/files/tmzbdl251/files/2018-05/MGI%20report%20Portugal_0.pdf)

7- European Commission (https://migrant-integration.ec.europa.eu/country-governance/governance-migrant-integration-portugal_en)